https://staging.thenewjew.org/articles/essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlife.xml/articles/essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlifexmlarticleDo Jews Believe in an Afterlife?Yes — and the tradition speaks of the afterlife with restraint, multiplicity, and a strong focus on this life as primary.The New Jew/index.xmlFoundations of Belief/sections/foundations.xmlDo Jews Believe in an Afterlife?/articles/essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlife.xml
https://staging.thenewjew.org/articles/essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlife
https://staging.thenewjew.org/articles/essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlife.json
<_xml>https://staging.thenewjew.org/articles/essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlife.xml
essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlifeDo Jews Believe in an Afterlife?Yes — and the tradition speaks of the afterlife with restraint, multiplicity, and a strong focus on this life as primary.Summary. Judaism teaches an afterlife but treats this world as the primary stage of religious life. The classical doctrines include olam haba (the World to Come), techiyat hametim (the resurrection of the dead, the twelfth of Rambam’s principles), gan eden and gehinnom as states of reward and refinement, and — in the Kabbalistic tradition — gilgul neshamot, the transmigration of souls. The Torah itself speaks little of the afterlife; the doctrines develop in the Talmud, the medieval philosophers, and the Kabbalists. Orthodoxy affirms resurrection; the other denominations vary.essentialessentialsolam habaafterlifesoulresurrection2026-07-06T02:19:03.001Z6673foundationsFoundations of Beliefhttps://pub-73c694f3dc3c4d0ea8f98f090d227a0d.r2.dev/article-images/do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlife-ms8ebgj2-ba386c75.pnghttps://pub-73c694f3dc3c4d0ea8f98f090d227a0d.r2.dev/article-images/do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlife-crop-ms8ga698-3708ccd6-large.pnghttps://pub-73c694f3dc3c4d0ea8f98f090d227a0d.r2.dev/article-images/do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlife-crop-ms8ga698-3708ccd6-thumb.pngDo Jews Believe in an Afterlife?summary
Summary. Judaism teaches an afterlife but treats this world as the primary stage of religious life. The classical doctrines include [olam haba](/glossary.xml#letter-O) (the World to Come), [techiyat hametim](/glossary.xml#letter-T) (the resurrection of the dead, the thirteenth of [Rambam](/glossary.xml#letter-R)’s principles), [gan eden](/glossary.xml#letter-G) and [gehinnom](/glossary.xml#letter-G) as states of reward and refinement, and — in the [Kabbalistic](/glossary.xml#letter-K) tradition — [gilgul neshamot](/glossary.xml#letter-G), the transmigration of souls. The [Torah](/glossary.xml#letter-T) itself speaks little of the afterlife; the doctrines develop in the [Talmud](/glossary.xml#letter-T), the medieval philosophers, and the Kabbalists. [Orthodox](/glossary.xml#letter-O)y affirms resurrection; the other denominations vary.
Summary. Judaism teaches an afterlife but treats this world as the primary stage of religious life. The classical doctrines include olam haba (the World to Come), techiyat hametim (the resurrection of the dead, the thirteenth of Rambam’s principles), gan eden and gehinnom as states of reward and refinement, and — in the Kabbalistic tradition — gilgul neshamot, the transmigration of souls. The Torah itself speaks little of the afterlife; the doctrines develop in the Talmud, the medieval philosophers, and the Kabbalists. Orthodoxy affirms resurrection; the other denominations vary.paragraph
The Torah is remarkably reticent about the afterlife. There is [sheol](/glossary.xml#letter-S) — the shadowy “grave” or “pit” to which the dead descend ([Bereshit 37:35](https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.37.35)) — but no explicit doctrine of reward and punishment after death. The classical Jewish doctrines of the afterlife develop in the [Mishnah](/glossary.xml#letter-M), the Talmud, and the medieval philosophers.
The Torah is remarkably reticent about the afterlife. There is sheol — the shadowy “grave” or “pit” to which the dead descend (Bereshit 37:35) — but no explicit doctrine of reward and punishment after death. The classical Jewish doctrines of the afterlife develop in the Mishnah, the Talmud, and the medieval philosophers.paragraph
The Mishnah ([Sanhedrin 10:1](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sanhedrin.10.1)) opens its discussion of the World to Come with the declaration: kol [Yisrael](/glossary.xml#letter-Y) yesh lahem chelek l’olam haba — “all Israel have a share in the World to Come.” The Talmud develops the doctrine in the [Gemara](/glossary.xml#letter-G) of the same chapter, with discussions of who is included, who is excluded, the nature of the soul’s journey, and the eventual resurrection of the dead.
The Mishnah (Sanhedrin 10:1) opens its discussion of the World to Come with the declaration: kol Yisrael yesh lahem chelek l’olam haba — “all Israel have a share in the World to Come.” The Talmud develops the doctrine in the Gemara of the same chapter, with discussions of who is included, who is excluded, the nature of the soul’s journey, and the eventual resurrection of the dead.paragraph
The Rambam, in his [Commentary on Mishnah Sanhedrin 10](https://www.sefaria.org/Rambam_on_Mishnah_Sanhedrin.10), and in [Hilchot Teshuva 8–9](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah,_Repentance.8-9) of the [Mishneh Torah](/glossary.xml#letter-M), distinguishes the World to Come (a purely spiritual state of the rectified soul) from the Days of the [Messiah](/glossary.xml#letter-M) (a future historical era of Jewish redemption and worldwide peace) and from the resurrection of the dead. He counts the resurrection as the thirteenth of his Principles of Faith. The Rambam’s philosophical position is that what survives death is the actualized intellect, the part of the soul that has come to know God.
The Rambam, in his Commentary on Mishnah Sanhedrin 10, and in Hilchot Teshuva 8–9 of the Mishneh Torah, distinguishes the World to Come (a purely spiritual state of the rectified soul) from the Days of the Messiah (a future historical era of Jewish redemption and worldwide peace) and from the resurrection of the dead. He counts the resurrection as the thirteenth of his Principles of Faith. The Rambam’s philosophical position is that what survives death is the actualized intellect, the part of the soul that has come to know God.paragraph
Hell, in Judaism, is not the Christian eternal punishment. Gehinnom (named after the Valley of Hinnom outside Jerusalem) is a refining process, generally understood to last no more than twelve months ([Mishnah Eduyot 2:10](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Eduyot.2.10)), after which the soul ascends. The very recitation of the [Mourner’s Kaddish](/glossary.xml#letter-K) for eleven months is traditionally understood as a child’s petition that the parent’s soul not require the full twelve months of refinement.
Hell, in Judaism, is not the Christian eternal punishment. Gehinnom (named after the Valley of Hinnom outside Jerusalem) is a refining process, generally understood to last no more than twelve months (Mishnah Eduyot 2:10), after which the soul ascends. The very recitation of the Mourner’s Kaddish for eleven months is traditionally understood as a child’s petition that the parent’s soul not require the full twelve months of refinement.paragraph
The mystical tradition adds gilgul neshamot — the transmigration of souls. Souls return to this world to complete missions left undone, to rectify particular sins, or, in the case of the great [tzaddikim](/glossary.xml#letter-T), to assist others. The doctrine is rooted in [Sefer haBahir](https://www.sefaria.org/Sefer_HaBahir) (12th century), developed in the [Zohar](https://www.sefaria.org/Zohar) (13th century), and given full systematic form by [the Arizal](/glossary.xml#letter-T) in the [Sha’ar haGilgulim](https://www.sefaria.org/Sha'ar_HaGilgulim). The rationalist tradition ([Saadia Gaon](/glossary.xml#letter-S), the Rambam, [Hasdai Crescas](/glossary.xml#letter-H), [Yosef Albo](/glossary.xml#letter-J), [Leon of Modena](/glossary.xml#letter-L)) rejected gilgul; both positions remain within the bounds of authentic Judaism.
The mystical tradition adds gilgul neshamot — the transmigration of souls. Souls return to this world to complete missions left undone, to rectify particular sins, or, in the case of the great tzaddikim, to assist others. The doctrine is rooted in Sefer haBahir (12th century), developed in the Zohar (13th century), and given full systematic form by the Arizal in the Sha’ar haGilgulim. The rationalist tradition (Saadia Gaon, the Rambam, Hasdai Crescas, Yosef Albo, Leon of Modena) rejected gilgul; both positions remain within the bounds of authentic Judaism.heading
Where Denominations Diverge
Where Denominations Divergeparagraph
Orthodox affirms the resurrection of the dead (techiyat hametim) as foundational, generally affirms gan eden, gehinnom, and olam haba, and most Orthodox Jews accept the [Lurianic](/glossary.xml#letter-L) doctrine of gilgul (though the rationalist denial remains a respected minority position). [Conservative Judaism](/glossary.xml#letter-C) affirms olam haba and the soul’s survival but with diverse positions on bodily resurrection. [Reform Judaism](/glossary.xml#letter-R) removed the resurrection from its [siddur](/glossary.xml#letter-S) in 1894 and replaced it with “who gives eternal life”; recent Reform siddurim include the resurrection language as an option. [Reconstructionist](/glossary.xml#letter-R) generally treats afterlife doctrines metaphorically. The Lurianic doctrine of gilgul is most prominent in [Hasidic](/glossary.xml#letter-H) and [Sephardic](/glossary.xml#letter-S) communities.
Orthodox affirms the resurrection of the dead (techiyat hametim) as foundational, generally affirms gan eden, gehinnom, and olam haba, and most Orthodox Jews accept the Lurianic doctrine of gilgul (though the rationalist denial remains a respected minority position). Conservative Judaism affirms olam haba and the soul’s survival but with diverse positions on bodily resurrection. Reform Judaism removed the resurrection from its siddur in 1894 and replaced it with “who gives eternal life”; recent Reform siddurim include the resurrection language as an option. Reconstructionist generally treats afterlife doctrines metaphorically. The Lurianic doctrine of gilgul is most prominent in Hasidic and Sephardic communities.heading
Sources
Sourcesparagraph
Torah: [Bereshit](/glossary.xml#letter-B) 37:35; [Daniel 12:2](https://www.sefaria.org/Daniel.12.2).
Torah: Bereshit 37:35; Daniel 12:2.paragraph
Mishnah [Sanhedrin](/glossary.xml#letter-S) 10:1; Mishnah Eduyot 2:10.
Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:1; Mishnah Eduyot 2:10.paragraph
[Talmud Bavli](/glossary.xml#letter-T), [Sanhedrin 90a–99a](https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.90a).
Talmud Bavli, Sanhedrin 90a–99a.paragraph
Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Teshuva 8–9.
Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Teshuva 8–9.paragraph
Rambam, Commentary on Mishnah Sanhedrin 10 (Thirteen Principles).
Rambam, Commentary on Mishnah Sanhedrin 10 (Thirteen Principles).paragraph
[Sefer haBahir](/glossary.xml#letter-S); [Zohar](/glossary.xml#letter-Z); Arizal, Sha’ar haGilgulim.
Sefer haBahir; Zohar; Arizal, Sha’ar haGilgulim.paragraph
[The Thirteen Principles of Jewish Faith](https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/332555/jewish/Maimonides-13-Principles-of-Faith.htm) — Chabad.org.
The Thirteen Principles of Jewish Faith — Chabad.org.paragraph
[Commentary on the Principles for Reform Judaism](https://www.ccarnet.org/rabbinic-voice/platforms/article-commentary-principles-reform-judaism/) — CCAR.
Commentary on the Principles for Reform Judaism — CCAR.paragraph
[Heaven and Hell Explained](https://aish.com/heaven-and-hell-explained/) — Aish.
Heaven and Hell Explained — Aish.paragraph
[Weekday Siddur Sefard Linear, The Morning Prayers, Thirteen Principles of Faith](https://www.sefaria.org/Weekday_Siddur_Sefard_Linear,_The_Morning_Prayers,_Thirteen_Principles_of_Faith) — Sefaria.
Weekday Siddur Sefard Linear, The Morning Prayers, Thirteen Principles of Faith — Sefaria.heading
Further Reading
Further Readingparagraph
Simcha Paull Raphael, Jewish Views of the Afterlife.
Simcha Paull Raphael, Jewish Views of the Afterlife.paragraph
[DovBer Pinson](/glossary.xml#letter-D), [Reincarnation and Judaism: The Journey of the Soul](/glossary.xml#letter-R).
DovBer Pinson, Reincarnation and Judaism: The Journey of the Soul.paragraph
The Editor’s treatise, “The Journey of the Soul: Gilgul Neshamot in Jewish Thought,” reformatted in this Field Guide.
The Editor’s treatise, “The Journey of the Soul: Gilgul Neshamot in Jewish Thought,” reformatted in this Field Guide.essentials-essential-questions-who-is-a-jewWho is a Jew?/articles/essentials-essential-questions-who-is-a-jew.xmlessentials-essential-questions-what-does-judaism-teach-about-godWhat Does Judaism Teach About God?/articles/essentials-essential-questions-what-does-judaism-teach-about-god.xmlessentials-essential-questions-why-do-jews-not-believe-in-jesusWhy Do Jews Not Believe in Jesus?/articles/essentials-essential-questions-why-do-jews-not-believe-in-jesus.xmlessentials-essential-questions-what-is-halachaWhat Is Halacha?/articles/essentials-essential-questions-what-is-halacha.xmlgoing-deeper-deeper-questions-why-did-god-create-the-worldWhy Did God Create the World?deeper/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-why-did-god-create-the-world.xmlgoing-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-tikkun-olamWhat Is Tikkun Olam?deeper/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-tikkun-olam.xmlgoing-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-mussarWhat Is Mussar?deeper/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-mussar.xmlBereshitבְּרֵאשִׁיתThe first book of the Torah — Genesis — and the name of its first weekly portion. The word itself means 'in the beginning.'Conservative JudaismConservative Judaism holds Halacha as binding while empowering its Committee on Jewish Law and Standards to adapt Jewish law to modern circumstances through rabbinic enactments (takkanot) — a deliberate middle path between Orthodox and Reform approaches to Jewish law.how-to-use-this-field-guideDovBer PinsonA contemporary Chasidic scholar and rosh yeshiva of Brooklyn's IYYUN Institute, whose Reincarnation and Judaism: The Journey of the Soul (1999) is among the most accessible English presentations of the Kabbalistic doctrine of gilgul for a general readership.gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thoughtGemaraגְּמָרָאThe vast Aramaic discussion and analysis of the Mishnah, compiled around 500 CE; the Mishnah and Gemara together make up the Talmud.essentials-essential-facts-the-talmud-in-one-articleHasdai Crescasחסדאי קרשקשA rabbi of Aragon (c. 1340–1410/11) whose Or Hashem mounted a rigorous philosophical challenge to Maimonidean rationalism, arguing that love of God, not intellect alone, is the true end of religious life — and rejecting reincarnation along the way.gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thoughtHasidismחֲסִידוּתThe mystical revival movement founded by the Baal Shem Tov in 18th-century Eastern Europe, teaching that God can be served with joy in every act and every person. Its communities, each led by a Rebbe, remain a major force in Jewish life.going-deeper-deeper-questions-hasidism-vs-mitnagdismJoseph Alboיוסף אלבוA 15th-century Spanish rabbi (c. 1380–1444), a student of Crescas, whose Sefer ha-Ikkarim narrowed Judaism's essential dogmas to three: the existence of God, revelation, and reward and punishment — establishing that many widely held beliefs, including reincarnation, are legitimate but not required.gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thoughtKabbalahקַבָּלָהThe Jewish mystical tradition — literally "that which is received" — whose central text is the Zohar and whose distinctive teachings include the ten Sefirot and the infinite Ein Sof.going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalahKaddish Yatomקַדִּישׁ יָתוֹםThe Mourner's Kaddish — recited by mourners for eleven months after the death of a parent and on each yahrzeit; it praises God and never mentions death.going-deeper-deeper-prayers-kaddishLeon of Modenaיהודה אריה ממודינאRabbi Yehudah Aryeh (Leon) of Modena (1571–1648), a Venetian rabbi and prolific writer whose Ari Nohem argued, on historical and philosophical grounds, that the Zohar was a medieval composition rather than an ancient text — Jewish tradition's sharpest internal critique of Kabbalah.gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thoughtLurianic KabbalahThe school of Kabbalah taught by Rabbi Isaac Luria (the Arizal) in 16th-century Safed, with its cosmic drama of tzimtzum (divine contraction), the shattering of the vessels, and tikkun (repair).going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalahMashiachמָשִׁיחַThe Messiah — literally "the anointed one" — a future human king from the line of David who, in Jewish belief, will gather the exiles, rebuild the Temple, and usher in an era of universal peace.MishnahמִשְׁנָהThe first great written compilation of the Oral Torah, organized by Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi around 200 CE into six orders; together with the Gemara it forms the Talmud.essentials-essential-facts-the-talmud-in-one-articleMishneh Torahמִשְׁנֵה תּוֹרָהThe Rambam's monumental 12th-century code of Jewish law — the first work to organize the whole of Halacha systematically, from prayer to Temple service.Orthodox JudaismOrthodox Judaism holds Halacha as fully binding and the Shulchan Aruch as its canonical code; it spans Haredi and Hasidic communities as well as Modern Orthodoxy, and is the starting point from which this Field Guide is written, even as it engages seriously with other denominations.how-to-use-this-field-guideRambamרמב״םRabbi Moshe ben Maimon (1138–1204), known by the acronym Rambam and in the Latin West as Maimonides, was the towering rationalist codifier and philosopher of medieval Judaism — author of the legal code Mishneh Torah and the philosophical Guide for the Perplexed. His formulation of God's unity and incorporeality remains foundational to Jewish theology across denominations.essentials-essential-questions-what-does-judaism-teach-about-godReconstructionist JudaismFounded by Mordecai Kaplan, Reconstructionist Judaism understands Judaism as an evolving religious civilization rather than a fixed set of supernatural commandments, and was an early adopter of patrilineal descent and full gender egalitarianism.how-to-use-this-field-guideReform JudaismReform Judaism treats Halacha as a source of values and meaning rather than binding law, emphasizing individual autonomy, ethical monotheism, and tikkun olam; it was the first movement to fully recognize patrilineal descent and ordain women as rabbis.how-to-use-this-field-guideReincarnation and JudaismRabbi DovBer Pinson's 1999 book, subtitled 'The Journey of the Soul' — a systematic, sympathetic presentation of the Kabbalistic doctrine of gilgul for English-speaking readers, drawing on the Zohar, the Arizal, and Chabad thought.gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thoughtSaadia Gaonסעדיה גאוןSaadia Gaon (882–942), head of the Babylonian academy of Sura, considered the first systematic Jewish philosopher, harmonizing revelation and reason in his Emunot v'Deot; he stands at the head of the rationalist tradition that would later include the Rambam.essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlifeSanhedrinסַנְהֶדְרִיןThe great court of ancient Israel — seventy-one sages who served as the supreme authority in Jewish law during the Second Temple period and after.Sefer haBahirספר הבהירthe BahirThe Bahir, a terse and enigmatic 12th-century mystical text, is among the earliest surviving works of Kabbalah and is the earliest source for the doctrine of gilgul neshamot, the transmigration of souls.essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlifeSephardiסְפָרַדִּיA Jew whose family traces to medieval Spain and Portugal — and, in common usage, to the broader communities of the Mediterranean and Middle East that follow Sephardic law and liturgy. The plural is Sephardim.TalmudתלמודThe vast rabbinic work — the Mishnah together with the Gemara's discussion of it — that develops the Oral Torah into Jewish law and thought. It is the central text of Jewish study after the Bible itself.essentials-essential-facts-the-talmud-in-one-articleTalmud Bavliתלמוד בבליThe Babylonian Talmud, completed around 500 CE in the academies of Babylonia — the more extensive of the two Talmuds and the authoritative one for Jewish law.essentials-essential-facts-the-talmud-in-one-articleThe Arizalהאר"י ז"לRabbi Isaac Luria (1534-1572), the towering kabbalist of 16th-century Safed whose teachings -- including tzimtzum, shevirat hakelim, and tikkun -- reshaped Jewish mysticism; he wrote almost nothing himself, and his system survives through the writings of his student Rabbi Chaim Vital.going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalahTorahתּוֹרָהThe Five Books of Moses — the scroll at the center of Jewish life — and, more broadly, the whole of Jewish teaching. 'Learning Torah' can mean anything from Chumash to Talmud.YisraelישראלYisrael, the name given to the patriarch Yaakov after he wrestled with a divine being (Bereshit 32:29), means roughly "one who wrestles with God" and became the name of the Jewish people as a whole — a people defined, on this reading, by struggle and engagement rather than easy certainty.essentials-essential-questions-who-is-a-jewZoharזוהרThe central work of Kabbalah — a mystical commentary on the Torah that emerged in 13th-century Spain and is traditionally attributed to the 2nd-century sage Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai.going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalahgan edenגַּן עֵדֶןLiterally "the Garden of Eden" — in Jewish tradition, both the paradise of the creation story and the state of blissful reward for souls after death.essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlifegehinnomגֵּיהִנּוֹםThe Jewish tradition's place of purification after death (sometimes rendered "Gehenna") — understood classically not as eternal damnation but as a temporary cleansing of the soul, traditionally lasting no more than twelve months.essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlifegilgul neshamotגִּלְגּוּל נְשָׁמוֹתThe Kabbalistic doctrine of the transmigration of souls — the teaching that a soul may return in successive lifetimes to complete its unfinished work; often shortened to gilgul.gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thoughtolam habaעוֹלָם הַבָּא'The World to Come' — the classical Jewish term for existence beyond this world, used both of the soul's reward after death and of the perfected world after the resurrection of the dead.essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlifesheolשְׁאוֹלThe shadowy underworld of the biblical books — the Tanakh's early, undeveloped picture of where the dead go, long before the rabbis' fuller teachings on the afterlife.siddurסידורThe Jewish prayer book (plural siddurim), from a root meaning 'order' — it arranges the daily, Shabbat, and festival prayers in their fixed sequence.where-to-start-your-first-siddurtechiyat hametimתחיית המתיםThe resurrection of the dead — the classical Jewish doctrine that the dead will live again in the Messianic future, affirmed daily in the Amidah and counted by Rambam among his Thirteen Principles.essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlifetzaddikצדיקA righteous person (plural tzaddikim); in Hasidism, the Tzaddik or Rebbe is the spiritual master at the center of the community.parentFoundations of Belief/sections/foundations.xmlrelatedWho is a Jew?/articles/essentials-essential-questions-who-is-a-jew.xmlrelatedWhat Does Judaism Teach About God?/articles/essentials-essential-questions-what-does-judaism-teach-about-god.xmlrelatedWhy Do Jews Not Believe in Jesus?/articles/essentials-essential-questions-why-do-jews-not-believe-in-jesus.xmlrelatedWhat Is Halacha?/articles/essentials-essential-questions-what-is-halacha.xmlrelatedWhy Did God Create the World?/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-why-did-god-create-the-world.xmlrelatedWhat Is Tikkun Olam?/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-tikkun-olam.xmlrelatedWhat Is Mussar?/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-mussar.xml