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  "url": "https://staging.thenewjew.org/articles/going-deeper-deeper-facts-the-oral-torah-and-its-authority.json",
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  "title": "The Oral Torah and Its Authority",
  "summary": "Orthodoxy holds that Moshe received both a Written and an Oral Torah at Sinai. The doctrine is the foundation of Halacha.",
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    "article": {
      "slug": "going-deeper-deeper-facts-the-oral-torah-and-its-authority",
      "title": "The Oral Torah and Its Authority",
      "deck": "Orthodoxy holds that Moshe received both a Written and an Oral Torah at Sinai. The doctrine is the foundation of Halacha.",
      "summary": "Summary. Orthodox Judaism teaches that Moshe Rabbeinu received two Torahs at Sinai — the Written (the Tanakh) and the Oral (the mesorah that develops into the Mishnah, Talmud, and Halacha). The Oral Torah is what allows the Written to be applied; the Written presupposes the Oral and is incomprehensible without it. The Sadducees and the Karaites rejected the Oral Torah; the Pharisaic mainstream that became Rabbinic Judaism (and from it all contemporary Judaism) affirmed it. Conservative Judaism affirms the Oral Torah’s authority with some allowance for development; Reform treats it as historical-cultural inheritance.",
      "level": "deeper",
      "sectionSlug": "going-deeper",
      "tags": [
        "oral torah",
        "tradition",
        "mesorah"
      ],
      "publishedAt": "2026-07-06T02:19:03.001Z",
      "wordCount": 569,
      "readMinutes": 3
    },
    "section": {
      "slug": "torah-texts",
      "title": "Torah & Texts"
    },
    "image": null,
    "blocks": [
      {
        "type": "summary",
        "body": "Summary. [Orthodox Judaism](/glossary.json#letter-O) teaches that [Moshe Rabbeinu](/glossary.json#letter-M) received two [Torah](/glossary.json#letter-T)s at Sinai — the Written (the [Tanakh](/glossary.json#letter-T)) and the Oral (the [mesorah](/glossary.json#letter-M) that develops into the [Mishnah](/glossary.json#letter-M), [Talmud](/glossary.json#letter-T), and [Halacha](/glossary.json#letter-H)). The [Oral Torah](/glossary.json#letter-O) is what allows the Written to be applied; the Written presupposes the Oral and is incomprehensible without it. The [Sadducees](/glossary.json#letter-S) and the [Karaites](/glossary.json#letter-K) rejected the Oral Torah; the Pharisaic mainstream that became Rabbinic Judaism (and from it all contemporary Judaism) affirmed it. [Conservative Judaism](/glossary.json#letter-C) affirms the Oral Torah’s authority with some allowance for development; [Reform](/glossary.json#letter-R) treats it as historical-cultural inheritance.",
        "text": "Summary. Orthodox Judaism teaches that Moshe Rabbeinu received two Torahs at Sinai — the Written (the Tanakh) and the Oral (the mesorah that develops into the Mishnah, Talmud, and Halacha). The Oral Torah is what allows the Written to be applied; the Written presupposes the Oral and is incomprehensible without it. The Sadducees and the Karaites rejected the Oral Torah; the Pharisaic mainstream that became Rabbinic Judaism (and from it all contemporary Judaism) affirmed it. Conservative Judaism affirms the Oral Torah’s authority with some allowance for development; Reform treats it as historical-cultural inheritance."
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "The Torah’s text frequently presupposes information not in the text itself. “You shall slaughter…as I have commanded you” ([Devarim 12:21](https://www.sefaria.org/Deuteronomy.12.21)) — but the Torah does not actually contain instructions for [kosher](/glossary.json#letter-K) slaughter; the rules of [shechita](/glossary.json#letter-S) are entirely in the Oral Torah. “Bind them as a sign upon your hand” ([Devarim 6:8](https://www.sefaria.org/Deuteronomy.6.8)) — but the Torah does not describe what [tefillin](/glossary.json#letter-T) look like or how to put them on. The text’s gestures point to a fuller transmission that traveled alongside it.",
        "text": "The Torah’s text frequently presupposes information not in the text itself. “You shall slaughter…as I have commanded you” (Devarim 12:21) — but the Torah does not actually contain instructions for kosher slaughter; the rules of shechita are entirely in the Oral Torah. “Bind them as a sign upon your hand” (Devarim 6:8) — but the Torah does not describe what tefillin look like or how to put them on. The text’s gestures point to a fuller transmission that traveled alongside it."
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "The Talmud ([Pirkei Avot 1:1](https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.1.1)) frames the chain of transmission: “Moshe received the Torah at Sinai and transmitted it to Yehoshua; Yehoshua to the Elders; the Elders to the Prophets; and the Prophets transmitted it to the [Men of the Great Assembly](/glossary.json#letter-M).” The Men of the Great Assembly transmitted it to the [Tannaim](/glossary.json#letter-T) (the Mishnaic sages); the Tannaim to the [Amoraim](/glossary.json#letter-A) (the Talmudic sages); the Amoraim to the [Geonim](/glossary.json#letter-G); and onward through the [Rishonim](/glossary.json#letter-R) and [Acharonim](/glossary.json#letter-A) to today.",
        "text": "The Talmud (Pirkei Avot 1:1) frames the chain of transmission: “Moshe received the Torah at Sinai and transmitted it to Yehoshua; Yehoshua to the Elders; the Elders to the Prophets; and the Prophets transmitted it to the Men of the Great Assembly.” The Men of the Great Assembly transmitted it to the Tannaim (the Mishnaic sages); the Tannaim to the Amoraim (the Talmudic sages); the Amoraim to the Geonim; and onward through the Rishonim and Acharonim to today."
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "The rejection of the Oral Torah is a recurring motif of Jewish heterodox movements. The Sadducees (Second Temple period) accepted only the Written Torah; the [Pharisees](/glossary.json#letter-P) affirmed the Oral. The Pharisaic position became normative; the Sadducees disappeared with the Temple. In the 8th–9th centuries, the Karaites in Babylonia and Egypt repeated the Sadducean move, rejecting the Talmud and constructing their own readings of the Tanakh; the Geonim (especially [Saadia Gaon](/glossary.json#letter-S)) defended the Oral Torah. Small Karaite communities survive today in Israel and the diaspora.",
        "text": "The rejection of the Oral Torah is a recurring motif of Jewish heterodox movements. The Sadducees (Second Temple period) accepted only the Written Torah; the Pharisees affirmed the Oral. The Pharisaic position became normative; the Sadducees disappeared with the Temple. In the 8th–9th centuries, the Karaites in Babylonia and Egypt repeated the Sadducean move, rejecting the Talmud and constructing their own readings of the Tanakh; the Geonim (especially Saadia Gaon) defended the Oral Torah. Small Karaite communities survive today in Israel and the diaspora."
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "Modern scholarship (Wellhausen, Finkelstein, Berman, and others) has approached the question of the dating and authorship of the Written Torah from various angles. The Orthodox position — that the Written Torah was given at Sinai in its entirety — is held alongside the [Modern Orthodox](/glossary.json#letter-M) engagement with academic Bible scholarship by figures like Rabbi Joshua Berman (Ani Maamin: Biblical Criticism, Historical Truth, and the [Thirteen Principles of Faith](/glossary.json#letter-T)). Conservative and Reform are more accepting of the [documentary hypothesis](/glossary.json#letter-D) and other critical approaches.",
        "text": "Modern scholarship (Wellhausen, Finkelstein, Berman, and others) has approached the question of the dating and authorship of the Written Torah from various angles. The Orthodox position — that the Written Torah was given at Sinai in its entirety — is held alongside the Modern Orthodox engagement with academic Bible scholarship by figures like Rabbi Joshua Berman (Ani Maamin: Biblical Criticism, Historical Truth, and the Thirteen Principles of Faith). Conservative and Reform are more accepting of the documentary hypothesis and other critical approaches."
      },
      {
        "type": "heading",
        "body": "Where Denominations Diverge",
        "text": "Where Denominations Diverge"
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "Orthodox: Written and Oral Torah both given at Sinai, both binding. Conservative: Oral Torah is authoritative tradition, with allowance for halachic development (the CJLS framework). Reform: Tanakh is a foundational text with no claim to verbal divinity; the Oral Torah is the historical inheritance of the Jewish people. [Reconstructionist](/glossary.json#letter-R): similar to Reform but with strong emphasis on Jewish civilization. Karaites (a small surviving non-Rabbinic stream): accept only the Written Torah.",
        "text": "Orthodox: Written and Oral Torah both given at Sinai, both binding. Conservative: Oral Torah is authoritative tradition, with allowance for halachic development (the CJLS framework). Reform: Tanakh is a foundational text with no claim to verbal divinity; the Oral Torah is the historical inheritance of the Jewish people. Reconstructionist: similar to Reform but with strong emphasis on Jewish civilization. Karaites (a small surviving non-Rabbinic stream): accept only the Written Torah."
      },
      {
        "type": "heading",
        "body": "Sources",
        "text": "Sources"
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "Mishnah, Pirkei [Avot](/glossary.json#letter-A) 1:1 — the chain of transmission.",
        "text": "Mishnah, Pirkei Avot 1:1 — the chain of transmission."
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "[Talmud Bavli](/glossary.json#letter-T), [Berachot 5a](https://www.sefaria.org/Berakhot.5a); [Megillah 19b](https://www.sefaria.org/Megillah.19b).",
        "text": "Talmud Bavli, Berachot 5a; Megillah 19b."
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "[Rambam](/glossary.json#letter-R), [Mishneh Torah, Hakdamah](https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah,_Transmission_of_the_Oral_Law) (Introduction).",
        "text": "Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Hakdamah (Introduction)."
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "Saadia Gaon, Emunot V’Deot.",
        "text": "Saadia Gaon, Emunot V’Deot."
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "[Oral Law](https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/oral-law) — Jewish Virtual Library.",
        "text": "Oral Law — Jewish Virtual Library."
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "[What is the “Oral Torah”?](https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/812102/jewish/What-is-the-Oral-Torah.htm) — Chabad.org.",
        "text": "What is the “Oral Torah”? — Chabad.org."
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "[Pharisees and Sadducees: Jewish Factions During the Hasmonean Period](https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2832612/jewish/Pharisees-and-Sadducees-Jewish-Factions-During-the-Hasmonean-Period.htm) — Chabad.org.",
        "text": "Pharisees and Sadducees: Jewish Factions During the Hasmonean Period — Chabad.org."
      },
      {
        "type": "heading",
        "body": "Further Reading",
        "text": "Further Reading"
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "Joshua Berman, Ani Maamin: Biblical Criticism, Historical Truth, and the Thirteen Principles of Faith.",
        "text": "Joshua Berman, Ani Maamin: Biblical Criticism, Historical Truth, and the Thirteen Principles of Faith."
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "Marc B. Shapiro, The Limits of Orthodox Theology.",
        "text": "Marc B. Shapiro, The Limits of Orthodox Theology."
      },
      {
        "type": "paragraph",
        "body": "[Adin Steinsaltz](/glossary.json#letter-A), The Essential Talmud.",
        "text": "Adin Steinsaltz, The Essential Talmud."
      }
    ],
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    "goDeeper": [],
    "glossary": {
      "acharonim": {
        "term": "Acharonim",
        "hebrew": "אחרונים",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "The 'later ones' — the rabbinic authorities from roughly the 16th century onward, after the publication of the Shulchan Aruch. They are distinguished from the earlier Rishonim, whose rulings generally carry greater weight.",
        "moreSlug": null
      },
      "adin-steinsaltz": {
        "term": "Adin Steinsaltz",
        "hebrew": "עדין שטיינזלץ",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz (1937–2020) produced a monumental Hebrew translation and commentary on the entire Babylonian Talmud, later rendered into English, opening the Talmud to a generation of learners without a yeshiva background.",
        "moreSlug": "essentials-essential-facts-the-talmud-in-one-article"
      },
      "amoraim": {
        "term": "Amoraim",
        "hebrew": "אמוראים",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "The sages of roughly 200–500 CE whose discussions of the Mishnah became the Gemara. They follow the Tannaim, the sages of the Mishnah itself.",
        "moreSlug": null
      },
      "avot": {
        "term": "Avot",
        "hebrew": "אָבוֹת",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "'Fathers' — the Patriarchs Avraham, Yitzchak, and Yaakov, and the name of the first blessing of the Amidah, which invokes them. Pirkei Avot, the Mishnah's tractate of ethical teachings, shares the name.",
        "moreSlug": null
      },
      "conservative-judaism": {
        "term": "Conservative Judaism",
        "hebrew": null,
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "Conservative Judaism holds Halacha as binding while empowering its Committee on Jewish Law and Standards to adapt Jewish law to modern circumstances through rabbinic enactments (takkanot) — a deliberate middle path between Orthodox and Reform approaches to Jewish law.",
        "moreSlug": "how-to-use-this-field-guide"
      },
      "documentary-hypothesis": {
        "term": "Documentary Hypothesis",
        "hebrew": null,
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "The academic theory, associated with the 19th-century scholar Julius Wellhausen, that the Torah was composed by combining several distinct textual sources over centuries; Orthodox tradition rejects it in favor of Sinaitic authorship, while Conservative and Reform thought are generally more open to it.",
        "moreSlug": "going-deeper-deeper-facts-the-oral-torah-and-its-authority"
      },
      "geonim": {
        "term": "Geonim",
        "hebrew": "גְּאוֹנִים",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "The heads of the great Babylonian academies from roughly the 7th to the 11th centuries, whose rulings and responsa carried Jewish law from the Talmud toward the medieval codes.",
        "moreSlug": null
      },
      "halacha": {
        "term": "Halacha",
        "hebrew": "הֲלָכָה",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "Jewish law — literally \"the way one walks\" — the legal system that develops from the Torah's mitzvot through the Mishnah, Talmud, and the great codes; the movements differ on how binding it is, not on its centrality to the tradition.",
        "moreSlug": "essentials-essential-questions-what-is-halacha"
      },
      "karaites": {
        "term": "Karaites",
        "hebrew": "קראים",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "A movement that arose in 8th-9th century Babylonia and Egypt rejecting the Talmud and the Oral Torah in favor of independent readings of the Tanakh alone; small Karaite communities survive today in Israel and the diaspora.",
        "moreSlug": "going-deeper-deeper-facts-the-oral-torah-and-its-authority"
      },
      "men-of-the-great-assembly": {
        "term": "Men of the Great Assembly",
        "hebrew": "אנשי כנסת הגדולה",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "The body of scholars and prophets who, according to the transmission chain recorded in Pirkei Avot, received the Torah from the last biblical prophets and passed it on to the Tannaitic sages, bridging the biblical and rabbinic eras.",
        "moreSlug": "going-deeper-deeper-facts-the-oral-torah-and-its-authority"
      },
      "mishnah": {
        "term": "Mishnah",
        "hebrew": "מִשְׁנָה",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "The first great written compilation of the Oral Torah, organized by Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi around 200 CE into six orders; together with the Gemara it forms the Talmud.",
        "moreSlug": "essentials-essential-facts-the-talmud-in-one-article"
      },
      "modern-orthodox": {
        "term": "Modern Orthodox",
        "hebrew": null,
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "Modern Orthodoxy is the stream of Orthodox Judaism that combines full Halachic observance with active engagement in general society, secular education, and often Zionism — distinct from Haredi communities that maintain greater separation from the surrounding culture.",
        "moreSlug": "essentials-essential-judaica-kippah"
      },
      "moshe-rabbeinu": {
        "term": "Moshe Rabbeinu",
        "hebrew": "מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "'Moses our teacher' — the traditional Jewish way of naming Moses, honoring him as the prophet who received the Torah at Sinai and taught it to Israel.",
        "moreSlug": null
      },
      "oral-torah": {
        "term": "Oral Torah",
        "hebrew": "תורה שבעל פה",
        "translit": "Torah she-be'al peh",
        "definition": "The body of interpretation and law that tradition holds was given at Sinai alongside the Written Torah and transmitted by the sages, eventually recorded in the Mishnah and Talmud. It is the foundation of how the written text is read and applied.",
        "moreSlug": "going-deeper-deeper-facts-the-oral-torah-and-its-authority"
      },
      "orthodox-judaism": {
        "term": "Orthodox Judaism",
        "hebrew": null,
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "Orthodox Judaism holds Halacha as fully binding and the Shulchan Aruch as its canonical code; it spans Haredi and Hasidic communities as well as Modern Orthodoxy, and is the starting point from which this Field Guide is written, even as it engages seriously with other denominations.",
        "moreSlug": "how-to-use-this-field-guide"
      },
      "perushim": {
        "term": "Perushim",
        "hebrew": "פְּרוּשִׁים",
        "translit": "Pharisees",
        "definition": "The Pharisees — the Second Temple movement devoted to the Oral Torah, from which Rabbinic Judaism, and thus all of contemporary Judaism, descends.",
        "moreSlug": null
      },
      "rambam": {
        "term": "Rambam",
        "hebrew": "רמב״ם",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (1138–1204), known by the acronym Rambam and in the Latin West as Maimonides, was the towering rationalist codifier and philosopher of medieval Judaism — author of the legal code Mishneh Torah and the philosophical Guide for the Perplexed. His formulation of God's unity and incorporeality remains foundational to Jewish theology across denominations.",
        "moreSlug": "essentials-essential-questions-what-does-judaism-teach-about-god"
      },
      "reconstructionist-judaism": {
        "term": "Reconstructionist Judaism",
        "hebrew": null,
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "Founded by Mordecai Kaplan, Reconstructionist Judaism understands Judaism as an evolving religious civilization rather than a fixed set of supernatural commandments, and was an early adopter of patrilineal descent and full gender egalitarianism.",
        "moreSlug": "how-to-use-this-field-guide"
      },
      "reform-judaism": {
        "term": "Reform Judaism",
        "hebrew": null,
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "Reform Judaism treats Halacha as a source of values and meaning rather than binding law, emphasizing individual autonomy, ethical monotheism, and tikkun olam; it was the first movement to fully recognize patrilineal descent and ordain women as rabbis.",
        "moreSlug": "how-to-use-this-field-guide"
      },
      "rishonim": {
        "term": "Rishonim",
        "hebrew": "רִאשׁוֹנִים",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "'The early ones' — the rabbinic authorities of roughly 1000 to 1500 CE, including Rashi and the Rambam, whose rulings carry special weight in Halacha.",
        "moreSlug": null
      },
      "saadia-gaon": {
        "term": "Saadia Gaon",
        "hebrew": "סעדיה גאון",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "Saadia Gaon (882–942), head of the Babylonian academy of Sura, considered the first systematic Jewish philosopher, harmonizing revelation and reason in his Emunot v'Deot; he stands at the head of the rationalist tradition that would later include the Rambam.",
        "moreSlug": "essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlife"
      },
      "sadducees": {
        "term": "Sadducees",
        "hebrew": "צדוקים",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "A Second Temple-era priestly and aristocratic movement that accepted only the Written Torah and rejected the Oral Torah; the group disappeared along with the Temple in 70 CE, leaving the Pharisaic position dominant.",
        "moreSlug": "going-deeper-deeper-facts-the-oral-torah-and-its-authority"
      },
      "talmud": {
        "term": "Talmud",
        "hebrew": "תלמוד",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "The vast rabbinic work — the Mishnah together with the Gemara's discussion of it — that develops the Oral Torah into Jewish law and thought. It is the central text of Jewish study after the Bible itself.",
        "moreSlug": "essentials-essential-facts-the-talmud-in-one-article"
      },
      "talmud-bavli": {
        "term": "Talmud Bavli",
        "hebrew": "תלמוד בבלי",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "The Babylonian Talmud, completed around 500 CE in the academies of Babylonia — the more extensive of the two Talmuds and the authoritative one for Jewish law.",
        "moreSlug": "essentials-essential-facts-the-talmud-in-one-article"
      },
      "tanakh": {
        "term": "Tanakh",
        "hebrew": "תנ״ך",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "The Hebrew Bible, named for the initials of its three sections: Torah (the Five Books), Nevi'im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings) — twenty-four books in the traditional count.",
        "moreSlug": "essentials-essential-facts-the-tanakh-in-one-article"
      },
      "tanna": {
        "term": "Tanna",
        "hebrew": "תנא",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "A sage of the Mishnaic period, roughly the 1st and 2nd centuries CE (plural Tannaim). Their teachings form the Mishnah and the earliest layer of rabbinic literature.",
        "moreSlug": null
      },
      "thirteen-principles-of-faith": {
        "term": "Thirteen Principles of Faith",
        "hebrew": "שלושה עשר עיקרים",
        "translit": "Shloshah Asar Ikkarim",
        "definition": "Maimonides' enumeration of Judaism's core beliefs — God's existence, unity, and incorporeality, revelation, reward, the Messiah, and resurrection among them — later condensed into the Ani Ma'amin and Yigdal of the siddur.",
        "moreSlug": null
      },
      "torah": {
        "term": "Torah",
        "hebrew": "תּוֹרָה",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "The Five Books of Moses — the scroll at the center of Jewish life — and, more broadly, the whole of Jewish teaching. 'Learning Torah' can mean anything from Chumash to Talmud.",
        "moreSlug": null
      },
      "kosher": {
        "term": "kosher",
        "hebrew": "כָּשֵׁר",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "Fit or proper according to Jewish law — said mostly of food, but equally of a Torah scroll, a sukkah, or anything else that meets halachic requirements.",
        "moreSlug": "essentials-essential-facts-kashrut-the-basics"
      },
      "mesorah": {
        "term": "mesorah",
        "hebrew": "מְסוֹרָה",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "The received tradition — the unbroken chain of teaching and practice handed down from generation to generation, by which the Torah is transmitted and applied.",
        "moreSlug": null
      },
      "shechita": {
        "term": "shechita",
        "hebrew": "שְׁחִיטָה",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "Kosher slaughter — the swift method required for meat to be kosher, performed by a trained shochet with a flawless blade.",
        "moreSlug": "essentials-essential-facts-kashrut-the-basics"
      },
      "tefillin": {
        "term": "tefillin",
        "hebrew": "תפילין",
        "translit": null,
        "definition": "Two small leather boxes containing Torah passages, bound with straps on the arm and head during weekday morning prayer, fulfilling the command to bind God's words 'as a sign upon your hand.'",
        "moreSlug": "essentials-essential-judaica-tefillin"
      }
    }
  },
  "links": [
    {
      "rel": "parent",
      "title": "Torah & Texts",
      "href": "/sections/torah-texts.json"
    },
    {
      "rel": "related",
      "title": "Why Did God Create the World?",
      "href": "/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-why-did-god-create-the-world.json"
    },
    {
      "rel": "related",
      "title": "What Is Mussar?",
      "href": "/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-mussar.json"
    },
    {
      "rel": "related",
      "title": "Hasidism vs. Mitnagdism",
      "href": "/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-hasidism-vs-mitnagdism.json"
    },
    {
      "rel": "related",
      "title": "What Is Kabbalah?",
      "href": "/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalah.json"
    }
  ]
}