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  <title>What Is Kabbalah?</title>
  <summary>The Jewish mystical tradition — the inner Torah, esoteric and beautiful, central since the 13th century.</summary>
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      <title>Foundations of Belief</title>
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      <title>What Is Kabbalah?</title>
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    <article>
      <slug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalah</slug>
      <title>What Is Kabbalah?</title>
      <deck>The Jewish mystical tradition — the inner Torah, esoteric and beautiful, central since the 13th century.</deck>
      <summary>Summary. Kabbalah (literally “that which is received”) is the Jewish mystical tradition. Its core text is the Zohar (13th century, traditionally attributed to Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai of the 2nd century, critically attributed to Rabbi Moshe de Leon of 13th-century Spain). The system of the ten Sefirot, the doctrine of Ein Sof, the practice of meditative intentions (kavvanot) in prayer, and the cosmic drama of tzimtzum, shevirat hakelim, and tikkun are its distinctive teachings. Lurianic Kabbalah (16th-century Safed) is the dominant form. Kabbalah is the inner Torah; the outer Torah remains its precondition.</summary>
      <level>deeper</level>
      <sectionSlug>going-deeper</sectionSlug>
      <tags>
        <tag>kabbalah</tag>
        <tag>mysticism</tag>
        <tag>zohar</tag>
      </tags>
      <publishedAt>2026-07-06T02:19:03.001Z</publishedAt>
      <wordCount>672</wordCount>
      <readMinutes>3</readMinutes>
    </article>
    <section>
      <slug>foundations</slug>
      <title>Foundations of Belief</title>
    </section>
    <image/>
    <blocks>
      <block>
        <type>summary</type>
        <body>Summary. [Kabbalah](/glossary.xml#letter-K) (literally “that which is received”) is the Jewish mystical tradition. Its core text is the [Zohar](/glossary.xml#letter-Z) (13th century, traditionally attributed to [Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai](/glossary.xml#letter-R) of the 2nd century, critically attributed to [Rabbi Moshe de Leon](/glossary.xml#letter-R) of 13th-century Spain). The system of the ten [Sefirot](/glossary.xml#letter-S), the doctrine of [Ein Sof](/glossary.xml#letter-E), the practice of meditative intentions ([kavvanot](/glossary.xml#letter-K)) in prayer, and the cosmic drama of [tzimtzum](/glossary.xml#letter-T), [shevirat hakelim](/glossary.xml#letter-S), and [tikkun](/glossary.xml#letter-T) are its distinctive teachings. [Lurianic Kabbalah](/glossary.xml#letter-L) (16th-century Safed) is the dominant form. Kabbalah is the inner [Torah](/glossary.xml#letter-T); the outer Torah remains its precondition.</body>
        <text>Summary. Kabbalah (literally “that which is received”) is the Jewish mystical tradition. Its core text is the Zohar (13th century, traditionally attributed to Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai of the 2nd century, critically attributed to Rabbi Moshe de Leon of 13th-century Spain). The system of the ten Sefirot, the doctrine of Ein Sof, the practice of meditative intentions (kavvanot) in prayer, and the cosmic drama of tzimtzum, shevirat hakelim, and tikkun are its distinctive teachings. Lurianic Kabbalah (16th-century Safed) is the dominant form. Kabbalah is the inner Torah; the outer Torah remains its precondition.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>heading</type>
        <body>The Texts</body>
        <text>The Texts</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>[Sefer Yetzirah](/glossary.xml#letter-S) (Book of Formation) — the earliest mystical text, possibly 2nd century CE, treating the creation through 10 sefirot and 22 letters.</body>
        <text>Sefer Yetzirah (Book of Formation) — the earliest mystical text, possibly 2nd century CE, treating the creation through 10 sefirot and 22 letters.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>[Sefer haBahir](/glossary.xml#letter-S) (Book of Brightness) — 12th-century Provence; the earliest Kabbalistic text proper, the first to teach the Sefirot in their developed form.</body>
        <text>Sefer haBahir (Book of Brightness) — 12th-century Provence; the earliest Kabbalistic text proper, the first to teach the Sefirot in their developed form.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>[Zohar (Book of Splendor)](https://www.sefaria.org/Zohar) — the central work, traditionally Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, critically Rabbi Moshe de Leon, late 13th century Spain. The Pritzker Edition (translated by Daniel Matt) is the great contemporary scholarly translation.</body>
        <text>Zohar (Book of Splendor) — the central work, traditionally Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, critically Rabbi Moshe de Leon, late 13th century Spain. The Pritzker Edition (translated by Daniel Matt) is the great contemporary scholarly translation.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>[Etz Chaim](/glossary.xml#letter-E) — the systematic exposition of Lurianic Kabbalah, compiled by [Rabbi Chaim Vital](/glossary.xml#letter-C) from the teachings of [Rabbi Isaac Luria](/glossary.xml#letter-T) (the Arizal).</body>
        <text>Etz Chaim — the systematic exposition of Lurianic Kabbalah, compiled by Rabbi Chaim Vital from the teachings of Rabbi Isaac Luria (the Arizal).</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>Sha’ar haGilgulim — the Lurianic [Gate of Reincarnations](/glossary.xml#letter-S).</body>
        <text>Sha’ar haGilgulim — the Lurianic Gate of Reincarnations.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>[Tanya](/glossary.xml#letter-T) — [Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi](/glossary.xml#letter-R)’s philosophical exposition of [Chabad](/glossary.xml#letter-C) Kabbalah.</body>
        <text>Tanya — Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi’s philosophical exposition of Chabad Kabbalah.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>heading</type>
        <body>The Sefirot</body>
        <text>The Sefirot</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>The ten Sefirot are the divine attributes through which Ein Sof (the unknowable infinite) becomes knowable and through which the world is created and sustained. They are: [Keter](/glossary.xml#letter-K) (Crown), [Chochmah](/glossary.xml#letter-C) (Wisdom), [Binah](/glossary.xml#letter-B) (Understanding), [Chesed](/glossary.xml#letter-C) (Loving-kindness), [Gevurah](/glossary.xml#letter-G) (Severity/Strength), [Tiferet](/glossary.xml#letter-T) (Beauty/Truth), [Netzach](/glossary.xml#letter-N) (Eternity/Endurance), [Hod](/glossary.xml#letter-H) (Splendor), [Yesod](/glossary.xml#letter-Y) (Foundation), [Malchut](/glossary.xml#letter-M) (Kingship). The Sefirot are arranged in a tree-shaped diagram (the Etz Chaim) familiar from any Kabbalistic image. They are not separate beings; they are the modes through which the One acts.</body>
        <text>The ten Sefirot are the divine attributes through which Ein Sof (the unknowable infinite) becomes knowable and through which the world is created and sustained. They are: Keter (Crown), Chochmah (Wisdom), Binah (Understanding), Chesed (Loving-kindness), Gevurah (Severity/Strength), Tiferet (Beauty/Truth), Netzach (Eternity/Endurance), Hod (Splendor), Yesod (Foundation), Malchut (Kingship). The Sefirot are arranged in a tree-shaped diagram (the Etz Chaim) familiar from any Kabbalistic image. They are not separate beings; they are the modes through which the One acts.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>heading</type>
        <body>The Lurianic Drama</body>
        <text>The Lurianic Drama</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>The Arizal’s system: tzimtzum (divine contraction making space for finite being), shevirat hakelim (the shattering of the vessels of creation as the divine light overflowed), the scattering of the sparks into the realms of impurity ([klipot](/glossary.xml#letter-K)), and the work of tikkun (repair) accomplished through the [mitzvot](/glossary.xml#letter-M) of every Jew.</body>
        <text>The Arizal’s system: tzimtzum (divine contraction making space for finite being), shevirat hakelim (the shattering of the vessels of creation as the divine light overflowed), the scattering of the sparks into the realms of impurity (klipot), and the work of tikkun (repair) accomplished through the mitzvot of every Jew.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>heading</type>
        <body>How to Begin</body>
        <text>How to Begin</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>A widely cited injunction is to study Kabbalah only after age 40, after thorough grounding in [Tanakh](/glossary.xml#letter-T), [Mishnah](/glossary.xml#letter-M), and [Talmud](/glossary.xml#letter-T), and ideally with a teacher. The grounding and the teacher are sound advice; the age bar itself is later and less settled than it sounds. The [Talmud](/glossary.xml#letter-T) and the [Rambam](/glossary.xml#letter-R) set a standard of readiness rather than of age, and forty enters through a note of the seventeenth-century Shach, who reports it in the name of earlier authorities. It was unevenly observed — the [Arizal](/glossary.xml#letter-T) did not live to forty. For an introduction without violating that injunction: read Arthur Green’s A Guide to the Zohar, Daniel Matt’s The Essential Kabbalah, or [DovBer Pinson](/glossary.xml#letter-D)’s introductions. For the meditative dimension, [Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan](/glossary.xml#letter-A)’s Jewish Meditation and Meditation and the Bible are excellent.</body>
        <text>A widely cited injunction is to study Kabbalah only after age 40, after thorough grounding in Tanakh, Mishnah, and Talmud, and ideally with a teacher. The grounding and the teacher are sound advice; the age bar itself is later and less settled than it sounds. The Talmud and the Rambam set a standard of readiness rather than of age, and forty enters through a note of the seventeenth-century Shach, who reports it in the name of earlier authorities. It was unevenly observed — the Arizal did not live to forty. For an introduction without violating that injunction: read Arthur Green’s A Guide to the Zohar, Daniel Matt’s The Essential Kabbalah, or DovBer Pinson’s introductions. For the meditative dimension, Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan’s Jewish Meditation and Meditation and the Bible are excellent.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>heading</type>
        <body>Where Denominations Diverge</body>
        <text>Where Denominations Diverge</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>Kabbalah is foundational in [Hasidic](/glossary.xml#letter-H) Judaism, central in [Sephardic](/glossary.xml#letter-S) Judaism, and historically respected though not always central in Lithuanian Mitnagdic Judaism ([the Vilna Gaon](/glossary.xml#letter-T) himself was a master Kabbalist). Conservative thought has engaged Kabbalah seriously through [Heschel](/glossary.xml#letter-A) and others. [Reform](/glossary.xml#letter-R) classically rejected Kabbalah as obscurantist; current Reform is increasingly hospitable. [Renewal Judaism](/glossary.xml#letter-R) is the most explicitly Kabbalistic of the non-[Orthodox](/glossary.xml#letter-O) movements. Madonna’s Kabbalah Centre and similar enterprises are not regarded as serious Kabbalah by any traditional authority.</body>
        <text>Kabbalah is foundational in Hasidic Judaism, central in Sephardic Judaism, and historically respected though not always central in Lithuanian Mitnagdic Judaism (the Vilna Gaon himself was a master Kabbalist). Conservative thought has engaged Kabbalah seriously through Heschel and others. Reform classically rejected Kabbalah as obscurantist; current Reform is increasingly hospitable. Renewal Judaism is the most explicitly Kabbalistic of the non-Orthodox movements. Madonna’s Kabbalah Centre and similar enterprises are not regarded as serious Kabbalah by any traditional authority.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>heading</type>
        <body>Sources</body>
        <text>Sources</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>Zohar (Pritzker Edition, trans. Daniel Matt, 12 vols.).</body>
        <text>Zohar (Pritzker Edition, trans. Daniel Matt, 12 vols.).</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>Arizal (via Chaim Vital), Etz Chaim; Sha’ar haGilgulim.</body>
        <text>Arizal (via Chaim Vital), Etz Chaim; Sha’ar haGilgulim.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>Sefer [Yetzirah](/glossary.xml#letter-Y); Sefer haBahir.</body>
        <text>Sefer Yetzirah; Sefer haBahir.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>Shneur Zalman of Liadi, Tanya.</body>
        <text>Shneur Zalman of Liadi, Tanya.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>[Gershom Scholem](/glossary.xml#letter-G), Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism.</body>
        <text>Gershom Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>Moshe Idel, Kabbalah: New Perspectives.</body>
        <text>Moshe Idel, Kabbalah: New Perspectives.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>[Is Kabbalah for Everyone? (Is there really a ban on Kabbalah before the age of 40?)](https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/3198724/jewish/Is-Kabbalah-for-Everyone.htm) — Chabad.org.</body>
        <text>Is Kabbalah for Everyone? (Is there really a ban on Kabbalah before the age of 40?) — Chabad.org.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>[The Age to Study Kabbalah](https://outorah.org/p/33330/) — OU Torah.</body>
        <text>The Age to Study Kabbalah — OU Torah.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>[Kabbalah: The Ten Sefirot of the Kabbalah](https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-ten-sefirot-of-the-kabbalah) — Jewish Virtual Library.</body>
        <text>Kabbalah: The Ten Sefirot of the Kabbalah — Jewish Virtual Library.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>[Isaac Ben Solomon Luria](https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/biographies-wing/all-biographies-by-last-name/l/isaac-ben-solomon-luria) — Jewish Virtual Library.</body>
        <text>Isaac Ben Solomon Luria — Jewish Virtual Library.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>heading</type>
        <body>Further Reading</body>
        <text>Further Reading</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>Arthur Green, A Guide to the Zohar.</body>
        <text>Arthur Green, A Guide to the Zohar.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>Daniel Matt, The Essential Kabbalah.</body>
        <text>Daniel Matt, The Essential Kabbalah.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>DovBer Pinson, [Reincarnation and Judaism](/glossary.xml#letter-R).</body>
        <text>DovBer Pinson, Reincarnation and Judaism.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>paragraph</type>
        <body>Aryeh Kaplan, Jewish Meditation.</body>
        <text>Aryeh Kaplan, Jewish Meditation.</text>
      </block>
      <block>
        <type>heading</type>
        <body>II. Deeper Facts</body>
        <text>II. Deeper Facts</text>
      </block>
    </blocks>
    <related>
      <related>
        <slug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-why-did-god-create-the-world</slug>
        <title>Why Did God Create the World?</title>
        <href>/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-why-did-god-create-the-world.xml</href>
      </related>
      <related>
        <slug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-mussar</slug>
        <title>What Is Mussar?</title>
        <href>/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-mussar.xml</href>
      </related>
      <related>
        <slug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-hasidism-vs-mitnagdism</slug>
        <title>Hasidism vs. Mitnagdism</title>
        <href>/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-hasidism-vs-mitnagdism.xml</href>
      </related>
      <related>
        <slug>going-deeper-deeper-facts-the-oral-torah-and-its-authority</slug>
        <title>The Oral Torah and Its Authority</title>
        <href>/articles/going-deeper-deeper-facts-the-oral-torah-and-its-authority.xml</href>
      </related>
    </related>
    <goDeeper>
      <goDeeper>
        <slug>editors-desk-treatise-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thought-prologue</slug>
        <title>The Journey of the Soul: Gilgul Neshamot in Jewish Thought (Prologue)</title>
        <level>scholarly</level>
        <href>/articles/editors-desk-treatise-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thought-prologue.xml</href>
      </goDeeper>
      <goDeeper>
        <slug>gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul</slug>
        <title>The Journey of the Soul: Gilgul Neshamot in Jewish Thought</title>
        <level>scholarly</level>
        <href>/articles/gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul.xml</href>
      </goDeeper>
    </goDeeper>
    <glossary>
      <abraham-joshua-heschel>
        <term>Abraham Joshua Heschel</term>
        <hebrew>אברהם יהושע השל</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Abraham Joshua Heschel (1907–1972), a descendant of Hasidic dynasties who became a leading voice of 20th-century American Judaism, wrote of a God &quot;in search of man&quot; and of Shabbat as &quot;a palace in time&quot;; his sense of radical amazement at the ordinary shaped a generation of Jewish theology and interfaith dialogue.</definition>
        <moreSlug>essentials-essential-questions-what-does-judaism-teach-about-god</moreSlug>
      </abraham-joshua-heschel>
      <aryeh-kaplan>
        <term>Aryeh Kaplan</term>
        <hebrew/>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan (1934–1983), an American Orthodox rabbi who translated and explained Kabbalistic texts, including Sefer ha-Bahir, for English readers — doing more than perhaps anyone of his generation to make Jewish mysticism approachable outside the yeshiva world.</definition>
        <moreSlug>gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thought</moreSlug>
      </aryeh-kaplan>
      <binah>
        <term>Binah</term>
        <hebrew>בִּינָה</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>&apos;Understanding&apos; — in Kabbalah, one of the ten Sefirot, the divine attributes through which the infinite God relates to the world.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </binah>
      <chabad>
        <term>Chabad</term>
        <hebrew>חב״ד</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Chabad-Lubavitch is a Hasidic movement, historically headquartered in the Russian town of Lubavitch, known today for its worldwide network of Chabad Houses that offer hospitality, classes, and holiday services to Jews of every background, often in places with no other organized Jewish community.</definition>
        <moreSlug>community-finding-a-shul</moreSlug>
      </chabad>
      <chaim-vital>
        <term>Chaim Vital</term>
        <hebrew>חיים ויטאל</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Rabbi Chaim Vital (1543–1620) was the primary disciple of the Arizal and the compiler of Etz Chaim, the systematic written record of his teacher&apos;s oral Kabbalistic teachings, without which Lurianic Kabbalah might not have survived in its detailed form.</definition>
        <moreSlug>essentials-essential-questions-what-does-judaism-teach-about-god</moreSlug>
      </chaim-vital>
      <chochmah>
        <term>Chochmah</term>
        <hebrew>חָכְמָה</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>&apos;Wisdom&apos; — in Kabbalah, one of the highest of the ten Sefirot: the first flash of divine insight, from which understanding (Binah) unfolds.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </chochmah>
      <dovber-pinson>
        <term>DovBer Pinson</term>
        <hebrew/>
        <translit/>
        <definition>A contemporary Chasidic scholar and rosh yeshiva of Brooklyn&apos;s IYYUN Institute, whose Reincarnation and Judaism: The Journey of the Soul (1999) is among the most accessible English presentations of the Kabbalistic doctrine of gilgul for a general readership.</definition>
        <moreSlug>gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thought</moreSlug>
      </dovber-pinson>
      <ein-sof>
        <term>Ein Sof</term>
        <hebrew>אֵין סוֹף</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>&apos;Without end&apos; — Kabbalah&apos;s name for God as the Infinite, beyond all attributes and description, from whom the ten Sefirot emanate.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </ein-sof>
      <etz-chaim>
        <term>Etz Chaim</term>
        <hebrew>עֵץ חַיִּים</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>&apos;Tree of life&apos; — the Torah&apos;s own epithet, from the verse &apos;it is a tree of life to those who hold it fast,&apos; sung as the scroll is returned to the ark. The wooden rollers of a Torah scroll are also called by this name.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </etz-chaim>
      <gershom-scholem>
        <term>Gershom Scholem</term>
        <hebrew>גרשם שלום</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>A German-born Israeli scholar (1897–1982) who founded the modern academic study of Kabbalah, dating and analyzing texts like the Zohar as historical documents — a method that places him, productively, at odds with how the mystical tradition understands its own texts.</definition>
        <moreSlug>gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thought</moreSlug>
      </gershom-scholem>
      <gevurah>
        <term>Gevurah</term>
        <hebrew>גְּבוּרָה</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Literally &quot;strength&quot; — one of the ten Sefirot of Kabbalah, representing divine judgment, discipline, and restraint, the counterbalance to Chesed (love).</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </gevurah>
      <hasidism>
        <term>Hasidism</term>
        <hebrew>חֲסִידוּת</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>The mystical revival movement founded by the Baal Shem Tov in 18th-century Eastern Europe, teaching that God can be served with joy in every act and every person. Its communities, each led by a Rebbe, remain a major force in Jewish life.</definition>
        <moreSlug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-hasidism-vs-mitnagdism</moreSlug>
      </hasidism>
      <hod>
        <term>Hod</term>
        <hebrew>הוֹד</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Literally &quot;splendor&quot; — one of the ten Sefirot of Kabbalah, associated with humility, gratitude, and yielding.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </hod>
      <kabbalah>
        <term>Kabbalah</term>
        <hebrew>קַבָּלָה</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>The Jewish mystical tradition — literally &quot;that which is received&quot; — whose central text is the Zohar and whose distinctive teachings include the ten Sefirot and the infinite Ein Sof.</definition>
        <moreSlug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalah</moreSlug>
      </kabbalah>
      <keter>
        <term>Keter</term>
        <hebrew>כֶּתֶר</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>&quot;Crown&quot; — the highest of the ten Sefirot in Kabbalah, representing the divine will that precedes all comprehension.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </keter>
      <lurianic-kabbalah>
        <term>Lurianic Kabbalah</term>
        <hebrew/>
        <translit/>
        <definition>The school of Kabbalah taught by Rabbi Isaac Luria (the Arizal) in 16th-century Safed, with its cosmic drama of tzimtzum (divine contraction), the shattering of the vessels, and tikkun (repair).</definition>
        <moreSlug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalah</moreSlug>
      </lurianic-kabbalah>
      <malchut>
        <term>Malchut</term>
        <hebrew>מַלְכוּת</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>&quot;Kingship&quot; — the tenth Sefirah of Kabbalah, the divine presence as it is received in the world, identified with the Shechinah.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </malchut>
      <mishnah>
        <term>Mishnah</term>
        <hebrew>מִשְׁנָה</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>The first great written compilation of the Oral Torah, organized by Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi around 200 CE into six orders; together with the Gemara it forms the Talmud.</definition>
        <moreSlug>essentials-essential-facts-the-talmud-in-one-article</moreSlug>
      </mishnah>
      <netzach>
        <term>Netzach</term>
        <hebrew>נֶצַח</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>&apos;Endurance&apos; or &apos;eternity&apos; — one of the ten Sefirot in Kabbalah, associated with persistence and victory; it figures in the daily count of the Omer.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </netzach>
      <orthodox-judaism>
        <term>Orthodox Judaism</term>
        <hebrew/>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Orthodox Judaism holds Halacha as fully binding and the Shulchan Aruch as its canonical code; it spans Haredi and Hasidic communities as well as Modern Orthodoxy, and is the starting point from which this Field Guide is written, even as it engages seriously with other denominations.</definition>
        <moreSlug>how-to-use-this-field-guide</moreSlug>
      </orthodox-judaism>
      <moshe-de-leon>
        <term>Rabbi Moshe de Leon</term>
        <hebrew>משה דה ליאון</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>A 13th-century Spanish kabbalist (c. 1240-1305) whom modern scholarship credits as the primary author or redactor of the Zohar, though tradition attributes the work to the much earlier Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai.</definition>
        <moreSlug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalah</moreSlug>
      </moshe-de-leon>
      <shimon-bar-yochai>
        <term>Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai</term>
        <hebrew>רבי שמעון בר יוחאי</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>A second-century Tanna and disciple of Rabbi Akiva, traditionally credited as the author of the Zohar; his yahrzeit is marked on Lag BaOmer with bonfires and pilgrimage to his grave in Meron.</definition>
        <moreSlug>holidays-minor-lag-baomer</moreSlug>
      </shimon-bar-yochai>
      <shneur-zalman-of-liadi>
        <term>Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi</term>
        <hebrew>רבי שניאור זלמן מליאדי</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Founder of Chabad Hasidism (1745-1812), known as the Alter Rebbe, whose Tanya offered a systematic, almost philosophical account of the soul&apos;s inner life and its service of God.</definition>
        <moreSlug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalah</moreSlug>
      </shneur-zalman-of-liadi>
      <rambam>
        <term>Rambam</term>
        <hebrew>רמב״ם</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (1138–1204), known by the acronym Rambam and in the Latin West as Maimonides, was the towering rationalist codifier and philosopher of medieval Judaism — author of the legal code Mishneh Torah and the philosophical Guide for the Perplexed. His formulation of God&apos;s unity and incorporeality remains foundational to Jewish theology across denominations.</definition>
        <moreSlug>essentials-essential-questions-what-does-judaism-teach-about-god</moreSlug>
      </rambam>
      <reform-judaism>
        <term>Reform Judaism</term>
        <hebrew/>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Reform Judaism treats Halacha as a source of values and meaning rather than binding law, emphasizing individual autonomy, ethical monotheism, and tikkun olam; it was the first movement to fully recognize patrilineal descent and ordain women as rabbis.</definition>
        <moreSlug>how-to-use-this-field-guide</moreSlug>
      </reform-judaism>
      <reincarnation-and-judaism>
        <term>Reincarnation and Judaism</term>
        <hebrew/>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Rabbi DovBer Pinson&apos;s 1999 book, subtitled &apos;The Journey of the Soul&apos; — a systematic, sympathetic presentation of the Kabbalistic doctrine of gilgul for English-speaking readers, drawing on the Zohar, the Arizal, and Chabad thought.</definition>
        <moreSlug>gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thought</moreSlug>
      </reincarnation-and-judaism>
      <renewal-judaism>
        <term>Renewal Judaism</term>
        <hebrew/>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Jewish Renewal is a small but influential movement drawing deeply on Hasidism and Kabbalah, combined with feminist and ecological commitments and an experimental, often neo-Hasidic approach to prayer and spirituality.</definition>
        <moreSlug>how-to-use-this-field-guide</moreSlug>
      </renewal-judaism>
      <sefer-yetzirah>
        <term>Sefer Yetzirah</term>
        <hebrew>סֵפֶר יְצִירָה</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>&apos;The Book of Formation&apos; — an ancient, enigmatic mystical work describing creation through the Hebrew letters and ten primordial numbers; a foundational text for later Kabbalah.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </sefer-yetzirah>
      <sefer-habahir>
        <term>Sefer haBahir</term>
        <hebrew>ספר הבהיר</hebrew>
        <translit>the Bahir</translit>
        <definition>The Bahir, a terse and enigmatic 12th-century mystical text, is among the earliest surviving works of Kabbalah and is the earliest source for the doctrine of gilgul neshamot, the transmigration of souls.</definition>
        <moreSlug>essentials-essential-questions-do-jews-believe-in-an-afterlife</moreSlug>
      </sefer-habahir>
      <sefirot>
        <term>Sefirot</term>
        <hebrew>סְפִירוֹת</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>In Kabbalah, the ten emanations or attributes — such as chesed (love) and gevurah (strength) — through which the infinite God relates to creation.</definition>
        <moreSlug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalah</moreSlug>
      </sefirot>
      <sephardi>
        <term>Sephardi</term>
        <hebrew>סְפָרַדִּי</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>A Jew whose family traces to medieval Spain and Portugal — and, in common usage, to the broader communities of the Mediterranean and Middle East that follow Sephardic law and liturgy. The plural is Sephardim.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </sephardi>
      <shaar-hagilgulim>
        <term>Sha&apos;ar HaGilgulim</term>
        <hebrew>שער הגלגולים</hebrew>
        <translit>Gate of Reincarnations</translit>
        <definition>&apos;Gate of Reincarnations,&apos; the volume of the Arizal&apos;s teachings — recorded by his student Chaim Vital — devoted specifically to the mechanics of gilgul: soul-roots, the number of permitted returns, and the tracing of biblical souls across generations.</definition>
        <moreSlug>gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thought</moreSlug>
      </shaar-hagilgulim>
      <talmud>
        <term>Talmud</term>
        <hebrew>תלמוד</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>The vast rabbinic work — the Mishnah together with the Gemara&apos;s discussion of it — that develops the Oral Torah into Jewish law and thought. It is the central text of Jewish study after the Bible itself.</definition>
        <moreSlug>essentials-essential-facts-the-talmud-in-one-article</moreSlug>
      </talmud>
      <tanakh>
        <term>Tanakh</term>
        <hebrew>תנ״ך</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>The Hebrew Bible, named for the initials of its three sections: Torah (the Five Books), Nevi&apos;im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings) — twenty-four books in the traditional count.</definition>
        <moreSlug>essentials-essential-facts-the-tanakh-in-one-article</moreSlug>
      </tanakh>
      <tanya>
        <term>Tanya</term>
        <hebrew>תניא</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>The foundational work of Chabad Hasidic thought, written by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (first printed 1796), mapping the inner life of the soul and its service of God.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </tanya>
      <arizal>
        <term>The Arizal</term>
        <hebrew>האר&quot;י ז&quot;ל</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534-1572), the towering kabbalist of 16th-century Safed whose teachings -- including tzimtzum, shevirat hakelim, and tikkun -- reshaped Jewish mysticism; he wrote almost nothing himself, and his system survives through the writings of his student Rabbi Chaim Vital.</definition>
        <moreSlug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalah</moreSlug>
      </arizal>
      <vilna-gaon>
        <term>The Vilna Gaon</term>
        <hebrew>הגאון מווילנא</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Rabbi Eliyahu ben Shlomo Zalman (1720-1797), the towering Lithuanian Talmudist who led the Mitnagdic opposition to the rising Hasidic movement while remaining a serious student of Kabbalah himself.</definition>
        <moreSlug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-hasidism-vs-mitnagdism</moreSlug>
      </vilna-gaon>
      <tiferet>
        <term>Tiferet</term>
        <hebrew>תפארת</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>&apos;Beauty&apos; or &apos;splendor&apos; — in Kabbalah, the sefirah that harmonizes lovingkindness (chesed) and restraint (gevurah) at the center of the divine attributes.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </tiferet>
      <torah>
        <term>Torah</term>
        <hebrew>תּוֹרָה</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>The Five Books of Moses — the scroll at the center of Jewish life — and, more broadly, the whole of Jewish teaching. &apos;Learning Torah&apos; can mean anything from Chumash to Talmud.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </torah>
      <yesod>
        <term>Yesod</term>
        <hebrew>יסוד</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>&apos;Foundation&apos; — in Kabbalah, the sefirah that channels the flow of divine energy into the world; in plain usage, a foundation or fundamental principle.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </yesod>
      <yetzirah>
        <term>Yetzirah</term>
        <hebrew>יְצִירָה</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Literally &quot;Formation.&quot; In Kabbalah, the third of the four spiritual worlds — the realm of the angels and of emotion — between Beriah (Creation) above and Asiyah (Action) below.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </yetzirah>
      <zohar>
        <term>Zohar</term>
        <hebrew>זוהר</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>The central work of Kabbalah — a mystical commentary on the Torah that emerged in 13th-century Spain and is traditionally attributed to the 2nd-century sage Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai.</definition>
        <moreSlug>going-deeper-deeper-questions-what-is-kabbalah</moreSlug>
      </zohar>
      <chesed>
        <term>chesed</term>
        <hebrew>חֶסֶד</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Loving-kindness — generous care that goes beyond obligation, one of Judaism&apos;s central virtues. In Kabbalah, Chesed is also the Sefirah of divine graciousness.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </chesed>
      <kavanah>
        <term>kavanah</term>
        <hebrew>כַּוָּנָה</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>Intention or inner focus — praying or performing a mitzvah with the heart engaged rather than by rote; in Kabbalah, kavvanot are specific meditative intentions attached to the prayers.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </kavanah>
      <klipot>
        <term>klipot</term>
        <hebrew>קְלִפּוֹת</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>&quot;Husks&quot; or &quot;shells&quot; — the Kabbalistic term for the forces that conceal divine light, the counterpart to the holy sparks awaiting release.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </klipot>
      <mitzvah>
        <term>mitzvah</term>
        <hebrew>מִצְוָה</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>A commandment — one of the Torah&apos;s 613 divine instructions, and by extension any religious duty or good deed. The plural is mitzvot.</definition>
        <moreSlug>essentials-essential-facts-the-613-mitzvot</moreSlug>
      </mitzvah>
      <shevirat-hakelim>
        <term>shevirat hakelim</term>
        <hebrew>שְׁבִירַת הַכֵּלִים</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>&apos;The shattering of the vessels&apos; — the Lurianic Kabbalistic teaching that the vessels meant to hold God&apos;s light broke at creation, scattering sparks that human deeds now gather and restore.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </shevirat-hakelim>
      <tikkun>
        <term>tikkun</term>
        <hebrew>תיקון</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>&apos;Repair&apos; or &apos;rectification&apos; — in Kabbalah, the mending of a broken cosmos accomplished through mitzvot and holy living; the word also names texts arranged for special study sessions.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </tikkun>
      <tzimtzum>
        <term>tzimtzum</term>
        <hebrew>צמצום</hebrew>
        <translit/>
        <definition>&apos;Contraction&apos; — the Lurianic Kabbalistic teaching that the Infinite withdrew or concentrated its light, so to speak, to make room for a finite world.</definition>
        <moreSlug/>
      </tzimtzum>
    </glossary>
  </data>
  <links>
    <link>
      <rel>parent</rel>
      <title>Foundations of Belief</title>
      <href>/sections/foundations.xml</href>
    </link>
    <link>
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      <title>Hasidism vs. Mitnagdism</title>
      <href>/articles/going-deeper-deeper-questions-hasidism-vs-mitnagdism.xml</href>
    </link>
    <link>
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      <title>The Oral Torah and Its Authority</title>
      <href>/articles/going-deeper-deeper-facts-the-oral-torah-and-its-authority.xml</href>
    </link>
    <link>
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      <title>The Journey of the Soul: Gilgul Neshamot in Jewish Thought (Prologue)</title>
      <href>/articles/editors-desk-treatise-the-journey-of-the-soul-gilgul-neshamot-in-jewish-thought-prologue.xml</href>
    </link>
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      <title>The Journey of the Soul: Gilgul Neshamot in Jewish Thought</title>
      <href>/articles/gilgul-neshamot-the-journey-of-the-soul.xml</href>
    </link>
  </links>
</page>
